高考移民是什么意思| 烫伤忌口不能吃什么| 清谷天指的是什么| 不寐病是什么意思| 男人吃秋葵有什么好处| 知了为什么会叫| 脚指甲盖凹凸不平是什么原因| 一点小事就暴躁的人是什么病| 小鹿乱撞是什么意思| 女性感染梅毒有什么症状| 4月份是什么星座| 牛的四个胃分别叫什么| 狼吞虎咽是什么意思| gst什么意思| 腿抽筋是什么原因引起的| 三心二意是什么意思| 螳螂捕蝉黄雀在后是什么生肖| 什么地摇动| 秀才相当于现在的什么学历| 尿酸高能吃什么肉| 眼睛干痒用什么眼药水| 颈椎病看什么科最好| 黄山四绝是什么| 0n是什么意思| 抗ro52抗体阳性是什么意思| 梦到伟人有什么兆头| 眼睛红是什么原因引起的| 生物制剂是什么药| 一片什么| 恶性贫血是什么意思| 不见棺材不落泪是什么生肖| 出来混迟早要还的什么意思| 无意间是什么意思| 人的血压一天中什么时候最高| 囊性结节是什么意思| 嗜酸性气道炎症是什么意思| 骨盆倾斜有什么症状| 飞机是什么| 肾气不足吃什么中成药| 彗星是什么| 书卷气是什么意思| 上下眼皮肿是什么原因| 补铁的药什么时候吃最好| 喝红茶有什么好处| 晚上睡觉手麻是什么原因| 什么是春天的什么| 万病之源是什么| 钾离子低的原因是什么| 智齿为什么会横着长| 神经性皮炎不能吃什么食物| ferragamo是什么牌子| 什么是免疫力| 孩子不说话挂什么科| 人中起痘痘是什么原因| 下午2点是什么时辰| 睡觉起来嘴巴苦是什么原因| 金银花长什么样子图片| 男性检查挂什么科| 原生家庭什么意思| 尿正常是什么颜色| 1206是什么星座| 蜂蜜的主要成分是什么| 胆囊毛糙是什么意思| 老人反复发烧是什么原因引起的| baumwolle是什么面料| 登高是什么意思| 减肥吃什么主食比较好| MECT是什么| 枸杞什么季节成熟| 化疗后吃什么食物最好| 梦见白事场面什么意思| 上火牙疼吃什么药| 苓是什么意思| 腺瘤型息肉是什么意思| 感恩节为什么要吃火鸡| 戾气重是什么意思| 刀枪不入是什么生肖| 女生胸部长什么样| 为伊消得人憔悴什么意思| 安是什么意思| 男人不长胡子是什么原因| 孕妇不能吃什么食物| 女人吃榴莲有什么好处| 淋巴结肿大是什么样子的| 2月什么星座的| 烦恼千千是什么生肖| 射手座是什么星座| 口腔溃疡吃什么水果好得快| 反酸是什么原因| 眼镜轴向是什么意思| 脸上长红色的痘痘是什么原因| t是什么| 40岁属什么| 过期食品属于什么垃圾| 黑苦荞茶有什么功效| 7月1号是什么节日| 1966年属什么今年多大| 肛门有灼烧感什么原因| 秋天有什么景物| 双开是什么意思| 法西斯是什么意思啊| 裂帛是什么意思| 腿浮肿是什么原因引起的| 小确幸什么意思| 表面抗原阳性是什么意思| 李连杰是什么国籍| 隔桌不买单是什么意思| 吃过榴莲不能吃什么| 什么然而止| 大姨妈不来是什么原因| 单硬脂酸甘油酯是什么| 正气是什么意思| bw是什么意思| 什么极了| 匡威属于什么档次| 什么是夹腿| 发高烧是什么原因引起的| 奴役是什么意思| 30岁属什么| 什么人容易得甲亢| 正常是什么意思| 鼻子出血吃什么药| 幽门螺杆菌感染吃什么药| 九个口是什么字| 硫酸镁是什么| 副乳是什么原因造成的| 气血不足吃什么好| 转氨酶偏低是什么原因| 属虎男和什么属相最配| 反复是什么意思| 落是什么生肖| 女人腿肿应该检查什么| 重楼的别名叫什么| 牛奶能做什么美食| 头孢属于什么类药物| 高铁上为什么没有e座| 掉头发缺少什么维生素| 湿漉漉是什么意思| 10月1什么星座| 智是什么意思| 玮是什么意思| 子宫小有什么影响| 吕布为什么要杀董卓| 慧命是什么意思| 右眼皮跳是什么预兆女| 吃胡萝卜有什么好处| 遍体鳞伤是什么意思| 沙发客是什么意思| 胃食管反流能吃什么水果| 基数是什么意思| 夏天出汗多是什么原因| 粉色分泌物是什么原因| 艾灸是什么东西| 党员有什么好处| 股骨长径是指胎儿什么| 羊肉炖什么好吃又营养| 空调外机很响是什么原因| 女性尿频尿急挂什么科| 开塞露是什么| 摩羯座是什么星象| 巨蟹什么象星座| 胎盘位于后壁是什么意思| 电饭煲煮粥为什么会溢出来| 吃什么对大脑记忆力好| 手淫什么意思| 舌头有点麻是什么病的前兆| 手黄是什么原因| 风指什么生肖| 湿热内蕴证有什么症状| 男人遗精是什么原因| 腿胖是什么原因引起的| 尤甚是什么意思| 跳蛋是什么| 网络诈骗打什么电话| 什么样的人容易高反| 失代偿期的肝是属于什么程度| 09年的牛是什么命| 牙齿出血是什么原因| 泌尿科属于什么科| opv是什么疫苗| 单亲家庭什么意思| 隔离霜和防晒霜有什么区别| 无期徒刑是什么意思| 肋骨外翻有什么危害| 什么是阳虚| 吃什么对胆囊有好处| 吃鹅蛋对孕妇有什么好处| 全套什么意思| 婊子是什么生肖| 夏天适合养什么花| 骨质增生吃什么药效果好| 人体缺少蛋白质会有什么症状| 铁为什么会生锈| 小便发黄是什么原因引起的| 男性支原体感染什么症状| 三十八岁属什么生肖| 尿酸高适合吃什么菜| 肝疼是什么原因| 梦见数字是什么意思| 下面痒用什么药效果好| 红配什么颜色最好看| 螃蟹是什么季节吃的| 炖排骨放什么调料| 夏天吹空调感冒了吃什么药| 1210是什么星座| 早孕试纸和验孕棒有什么区别| 带状疱疹什么样子| bpo是什么意思啊| 牙齿抛光是什么意思| rolls是什么意思| 镁高有什么症状和危害| 孕妇拉肚子是什么原因引起的| 义愤填膺是什么意思| 肾低密度灶是什么意思| 康波是什么意思| 一个月不来月经是什么原因| 吃什么减脂肪最快最有效的方法| 什么时候开始胎教| 心跳快吃什么药| 口什么腹什么| 补钙最好的食物是什么| 梁下放床有什么禁忌| 小腹胀痛是什么原因| 罗宾尼手表什么档次| 什么叫根管治疗牙齿| 县公安局局长什么级别| 耳朵背后有痣代表什么| cpm是什么意思| 印度为什么叫三哥| 乾隆和康熙是什么关系| 浮世清欢什么意思| 外耳道发炎用什么药| 碳水化合物指的是什么| 湿疹涂什么药膏| 蘑菇不能和什么一起吃| 为什么女生喜欢腹肌| 心情烦躁吃什么药| 阎王叫什么| 1953属什么生肖| 怀孕去医院检查挂什么科| 山东的简称是什么| 棘人是什么意思| 回归热是什么病| 小苏打和食用碱有什么区别| 尿常规挂什么科| 中性粒细胞百分比偏低是什么意思| 10a是什么意思| 高烧不退是什么病毒| 五谷丰登是什么生肖| 氟比洛芬是什么药| 海东青是什么鸟| 细菌高是什么原因| 肾结石可以吃什么| 孩子爱啃指甲是什么原因| 头顶疼是什么原因| 博物馆里面有什么| 什么什么自若| 95年的猪是什么命| 豇豆不能和什么一起吃| 干咳吃什么药止咳效果好| 经常干呕是什么原因| 耳朵闷闷的堵住的感觉是什么原因| 摩羯座女和什么座最配| 醋坛子是什么意思| 百度M?zmuna ke?

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Metaelm (h?m?inin meta-ara?d?rma kimi tan?n?r) — elmi f?aliyy?tin ?zünü ?yr?n?n v? t?hlil ed?n f?nl?raras? elmi sah?.[1] Bu sah? elmin qurulu?unu, metodlar?n?, n?tic?l?rinin etibarl?l???n?, elmi praktikan?n sosial, psixoloji v? institusional aspektl?rini ara?d?r?r. Metaelm ?sas?n elmin f?ls?f?si, elm sosiologiyas?, elm tarixi, elm psixologiyas?, elmi metodologiya v? elmi siyas?t kimi sah?l?ri birl??dirir v? sisteml??dirir.[2]

Metaelmin ?sas m?qs?di elmin nec? i?l?diyini, bilikl?rin nec? istehsal v? yay?m olundu?unu, hans? sosial v? koqnitiv mexanizml?rin bu prosesl?r? t?sir etdiyini mü?yy?nl??dirm?kdir. Bel?likl?, metaelm elmin ?zü haqq?nda elmi bilik t?qdim edir. Metaelm, h?m?inin d?lill?r? ?saslanan siyas?t, sübut ?sasl? tibb, a??q elm (ing. open science), elmi etika, v? elmin qiym?tl?ndirilm?si kimi praktiki sah?l?r? t?tbiq olunur.[3]

Tarixi

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Con ?oannidis (2005), "Why Most Published Research Findings Are False"[4]

Metaelm anlay??? XX ?srin sonlar?nda v? XXI ?srin ?vv?lind? formala?sa da, onun intellektual k?kl?ri daha q?dim d?vrl?r? — elmin t?bi?ti haqq?nda dü?ün?n ilk filosoflara q?d?r gedib ??x?r. [5]Metaelm? b?nz?r ideyalar h?l? Aristotel, Sokrat v? Platonun ?s?rl?rind? ?z ?ksini tap?rd?. Aristotel “ikinci f?ls?f?” anlay??? il? bilikl?rin t?snifat? v? elmi dü?ünc?nin m?nb?yini analiz etmi?di. [6]Bu, elmi bilikl?rin qurulu?una dair ilk sistemli refleksiyalar idi. XVII–XVIII ?srl?rd? Frensis Bekon, Rene Dekart v? ?saak Nyuton kimi dü?ünürl?r elmi metodologiyan?n ?saslar?n? mü?yy?nl??dirdi. [7]Bekonun “Yeni Orqanon” ?s?rind? empirik metodun üstünlükl?ri, Dekart?n is? analitik metod v? ?übh? prinsipin? ?saslanan t?nqidi yana?mas? metaelmin f?ls?fi ba?lan??c? say?l?r. [8]XX ?srin ?vv?ll?rind? Karl Popperin “saxtalanma” (falsifikasiya) meyar?, Tomas Kunun “elmi inqilablar” modeli v? ?mre Lakatosun t?dqiqat proqramlar? konsepsiyas? elmin nec? i?l?diyini izah etm?y? y?n?lmi?di. Eyni zamanda Robert Merton “elmi etika” prinsipl?rini (CUDOS) ir?li sürdü ki, bu da elmin sosioloji strukturunu a?ma?a ?al??an ilk sistemli c?hdl?rd?n biri idi. Bu d?vrd? elmi bilikl?rin sosiologiyas? (ing. Sociology of Scientific Knowledge, SSK) inki?af etm?y? ba?lad?. [9]Devid Blur, Harri Kollinz, Stiv Vulqar kimi aliml?r elmin obyektiv deyil, sosial olaraq formala?an bir proses oldu?unu ir?li sürdül?r. Elmi bilikl?r? sosial konstruktivist yana?malar, h?m?inin aktor-??b?k? n?z?riyy?si (ANT) d? m?hz bu d?vrd? meydana g?ldi.[10] “Meta-research” v? “Meta-science” terminl?ri XXI ?srin ?vv?ll?rind?n daha aktiv ??kild? istifad? olunma?a ba?land?. Bu sah?nin müasir formas? ?sas?n Con ?oannidisin 2005-ci ild? yazd??? “Why Most Published Research Findings Are False” adl? m?qal? il? günd?m? g?ldi. Burada mü?llif bir ?ox t?dqiqat n?tic?l?rinin t?krarlana bilm?diyini, statistik q?r?zl?rin yay??n oldu?unu v? sistematik metod s?hvl?rinin elmi etibarl?l??? t?hlük? alt?na ald???n? vur?ulay?rd?.[11][12]

Bu d?vrd? metaelm art?q ayr?ca elmi t?dqiqat sah?si kimi inki?af etdi v? bir s?ra institutlar v? t???bbüsl?r yarad?ld?[13]:

Meta-t?dqiqat sah?l?ri v? m?vzular?

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Metaelm — elmi f?aliyy?tin ?zünü t?dqiq ed?n v? t?hlil ed?n sah? olaraq — ?ox?ax?li v? f?nl?raras? xarakter da??y?r. [14]Onun ?sas m?qs?di elmi ara?d?rmalar?n keyfiyy?tini art?rmaq, bilik istehsal?n?n nec? ba? verdiyini anlamaq v? m?vcud probleml?ri mü?yy?nl??dir?r?k t?kmill??dirici yana?malar t?klif etm?kdir.[15]

Elmi metodlar v? metodologiya

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Metaelmin ba?l?ca istiqam?tl?rind?n biri istifad? olunan elmi metodlar?n v? t?dqiqat dizaynlar?n?n t?hlilidir. Bu sah?d? t?dqiqat??lar hipotezl?rin nec? quruldu?unu, s?naqdan nec? ke?irildiyini v? hans? n?v metodoloji s?hvl?rin t?krarlanma?a meylli oldu?unu ara?d?r?rlar. [16]P-qiym?tl?rind?n sui-istifad?, statistik ?h?miyy?tlilik meyar?n?n yanl?? t?tbiqi, effekt ?l?ül?rinin n?z?r? al?nmamas? v? t?dqiqat gücü (power analysis) il? ba?l? ?at??mazl?qlar metaelmin mühüm m?vzular?ndand?r. H?d?f — elmi n?tic?l?rin yaln?z statistika il? deyil, h?m d? kontekstual v? m?ntiqi ?saslarla etibarl? olub-olmad???n? mü?yy?n etm?kdir.[17]

N??r q?r?zi v? m?lumat ?at??mazl???

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Metaelmin t?nqid etdiyi ?sas m?s?l?l?rd?n biri d? n??r q?r?zidir. [18]Bu problem, müsb?t v? ya “u?urlu” n?tic?l?rin daha ?ox d?rc olunmas?, neqativ v? ya n?tic?siz t?dqiqatlar?n is? n?z?r? al?nmamas? il? ba?l?d?r. N?tic?d? elmi ?d?biyyat real elmi m?nz?r?ni ?ks etdirmir, bu is? d?lill?r? ?saslanan siyas?t v? t?crüb? ü?ün t?hlük? yarad?r. Metaelmi t?dqiqatlar, h?m?inin t?krar ara?d?rmalara olan ehtiyac? vur?ulayaraq “m?lumat ?at??mazl???” fenomenini ?n? ??kir.[19]

T?krarlanma v? etibarl?l?q b?hran?

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Metaelmin diqq?t yetirdiyi ?sas sah?l?rd?n biri d? “t?krarlanma b?hran?”d?r. Bir ?ox sah?l?rd?, xüsusil? psixologiya, biotibb v? sosial elml?rd? apar?lan ara?d?rmalar?n ?h?miyy?tli hiss?si müst?qil ??kild? t?krarlanark?n eyni n?tic? ?ld? olunmur. Bu b?hran elmi n?tic?l?rin etibarl?l???na ciddi z?rb? vurur. Metaelmi yana?ma t?krarlanman?n z?ruriliyini vur?ulay?r v? a??q elm (open science) al?tl?ri vasit?sil? ??ffafl??? art?rma?a ?al???r.[20]

Elmi insentivl?r v? akademik sistem

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Metaelm h?m?inin akademik sistemin strukturunu v? aliml?rin davran??lar?n? formala?d?ran t??viq mexanizml?rini t?hlil edir. M??hur ifad? il? des?k: “N? ?l?ülürs?, o idar? olunur”. Bu s?b?bd?n reytinq ?sasl? sisteml?r, sitat say?n?n süni art?r?lmas?, “publish or perish” t?zyiqi v? akademik karyera ü?ün keyfiyy?td?n ?ox k?miyy?t? ?saslanan g?st?ricil?r metaelmin t?nqid h?d?fin? ?evrilmi?dir. Bu sah?d? apar?lan t?dqiqatlar elmin insani v? sosial aspektl?rini ?n plana ??xar?r.[21][22]

Etika, ??ffafl?q v? a??q elm

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Metaelmin mühüm istiqam?tl?rind?n biri d? elmd? etik davran??lar?n v? ??ffafl???n t?min edilm?sidir. Bu, h?m m?lumatlar?n, h?m d? analiz kodlar?n?n a??q payla??lmas?, etik komit?l?rin f?aliyy?ti, plagiat v? elmi saxtakarl?qla mübariz? kimi m?vzular? ?hat? edir. [23]“A??q elm” f?ls?f?si ??r?iv?sind? metaelm t?dqiqat??lara elmi bilikl?ri h?r k?s ü?ün ?l?atan v? yoxlan?la bil?n etm?k ü?ün vasit?l?r t?klif edir.[24]

Sosial v? m?d?ni aspektl?r

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Metaelm yaln?z texniki probleml?rl? deyil, h?m d? elmi f?aliyy?tin sosial, m?d?ni v? institusional kontekstl? nec? ba?l? oldu?unu da ara?d?r?r. Gender, irqi v? co?rafi qeyri-b?rab?rlikl?r, inki?af etm?kd? olan ?lk?l?rin elmi istehsalda t?msil?iliyi, dili mane?l?r v? bilik mübadil?sinin qeyri-b?rab?r ax?n? bu sah?nin maraq dair?sind?dir.[25]

T?tbiq sah?l?ri

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Metaelm, yaln?z n?z?ri ara?d?rmalar ü?ün deyil, praktiki v? t?tbiqi sah?l?rd? d? geni? ??kild? istifad? olunur. Müxt?lif elm sah?l?rind? metaelmi t?dqiqatlar say?sind? bilikl?rin keyfiyy?ti v? etibarl?l??? art?r?l?r, metodoloji s?hvl?r mü?yy?n olunur v? elmi prosesin ??ffafl??? t?min edilir.[26][27]

Tibb

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Tibbd? metaelm klinik t?dqiqatlar?n metodikas?n? v? n?tic?l?rinin etibarl?l???n? analiz etm?k ü?ün geni? ??kild? istifad? olunur. Bu sah?d? metaelmi yana?malar müalic? üsullar?n?n müqayis?si, d?rman s?naqlar?nda q?r?zl?rin a?karlanmas? v? s?hiyy? siyas?tinin elmi ?saslara s?yk?nm?si ü?ün vacibdir.[28][29] Tibb sah?sind? apar?lan metaanalizl?r v? sistematik icmallar, d?lill?r? ?saslanan q?rarverm?nin ?sas?n? t??kil edir. Con ?oannidis kimi t?dqiqat??lar bu sah?d? elmi n?tic?l?rin t?krarlanabil?rliyi v? statistik manipulyasiya probleml?rini günd?m? g?tir?r?k metaelmin inki?af?na t?kan vermi?l?r.

Psixologiya

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Psixologiyada metaelm t?krarlanma b?hran? fonunda daha da aktualla?m??d?r.[30] Bu sah?d? bir ?ox klassik eksperimentl?rin n?tic?l?rinin t?krar t?sdiql?nm?m?si elmi metodlar?n v? n??r sisteminin t?nqidin? s?b?b olmu?dur. Metaelmi t?dqiqatlar psixologiyada selektiv hesabat??l?q, p-hacking, statistik gücsüzlük v? a??q elm prinsipinin t?tbiqi kimi probleml?rin ara?d?r?lmas? il? m???uldur. Bu yana?ma, eksperimentl?rin ?vv?lc?d?n qeydiyyat? (preregistration) v? m?lumatlar?n a??q payla??lmas? kimi t???bbüsl?rl? elmi ??ffafl???n art?r?lmas?na y?n?lmi?dir.[31]

Fizika

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Fizika sah?sind? metaelm nisb?t?n daha az yay?lm?? olsa da, n?z?ri modell?rin mü?ahid? il? uy?unlu?u, elmi n?tic?l?rin replikasiyas? v? b?yük t?dqiqat layih?l?rinin t??kilati strukturlar?n?n t?hlili bax?m?ndan ?h?miyy?tlidir. [32]Xüsusil? ?oxsayl? t?dqiqat??lar?n ?m?kda?l?q etdiyi layih?l?rd? – m?s?l?n, CERN-d? – mü?lliflik hüquqlar?, m?lumat payla??m? v? elmi etika m?s?l?l?ri metaelmi müst?vid? qiym?tl?ndirilir.[33][34]

Kompüter elml?ri

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Kompüter elml?rind? v? m?lumat elmi sah?sind? metaelm h?m texniki, h?m d? sosial aspektl?ri ?hat? edir. [35]Kodlar?n v? alqoritml?rin t?krarlanabil?rliyi, a??q m?nb? prinsipin? uy?un proqram t?minatlar?n?n inki?af?, süni intellektd? q?r?zl?rin meta-analizi v? elmi n?tic?l?rin s?n?dl??dirilm?sinin keyfiyy?ti bu sah?d? ?sas t?dqiqat istiqam?tl?ridir. [36]Eyni zamanda, m?lumatlar?n v? t?lim d?stl?rinin payla??lmas?, elmi proqram t?minatlar?n?n versiya n?zar?ti v? kod etikas? da metaelmin diqq?t yetirdiyi m?s?l?l?r s?ras?ndad?r. Süni intellekt v? ma??n ?yr?nm?si kimi sah?l?rd? q?rar mexanizml?rinin ??ffafl??? v? izah edil? bil?nliyi d? metaelmi t?dqiqatlar?n ?hat? dair?sin? daxildir.[37]

H?m?inin bax

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?stinadlar

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  1. ↑ Nishikawa-Pacher, Andreas; Heck, Tamara; Schoch, Kerstin. "Open Editors: A dataset of scholarly journals' editorial board positions". Research Evaluation. 32 (2). 4 October 2022: 228–243. doi:10.1093/reseval/rvac037. eISSN 1471-5449. ISSN 0958-2029.
  2. ↑ Ioannidis, John P. A.; Fanelli, Daniele; Dunne, Debbie Drake; Goodman, Steven N. "Meta-research: Evaluation and Improvement of Research Methods and Practices". PLOS Biology. 13 (10). 2 October 2015: e1002264. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002264. ISSN 1544-9173. PMC 4592065. PMID 26431313.
  3. ↑ Bach, Becky. "On communicating science and uncertainty: A podcast with John Ioannidis". Scope. 8 December 2015. 8 November 2021 tarixind? arxivl??dirilib. ?stifad? tarixi: 20 May 2019.
  4. ↑ Enserink, Martin. "Research on research". Science. 361 (6408). 2018: 1178–1179. Bibcode:2018Sci...361.1178E. doi:10.1126/science.361.6408.1178. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30237336.
  5. ↑ Schor, Stanley; Karten, Irving. "Statistical Evaluation of Medical Journal Manuscripts". Journal of the American Medical Association (ingilis). 195 (13). March 28, 1966: 1123–1128. doi:10.1001/jama.1966.03100130097026. PMID 5952081. June 7, 2025 tarixind? arxivl??dirilib. ?stifad? tarixi: June 27, 2025.
  6. ↑ Howick J, Koletsi D, Pandis N, Fleming PS, Loef M, Walach H, Schmidt S, Ioannidis JA. The quality of evidence for medical interventions does not improve or worsen: a metaepidemiological study of Cochrane reviews. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2020;126:154–159 [1] Arxiv sur?ti 24 sentyabr 2021 tarixind?n Wayback Machine sayt?nda
  7. ↑ Pashler, Harold; Harris, Christine R. "Is the Replicability Crisis Overblown? Three Arguments Examined". Perspectives on Psychological Science (ingilis). 7 (6). 2012: 531–536. doi:10.1177/1745691612463401. ISSN 1745-6916. PMID 26168109. 2025-08-14 tarixind? arxivl??dirilib. ?stifad? tarixi: 2025-08-14.
  8. ↑ Schor, Stanley. "Statistical Evaluation of Medical Journal Manuscripts". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 195 (13). 1966: 1123–1128. doi:10.1001/jama.1966.03100130097026. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 5952081.
  9. ↑ Comroe, Julius; Comroe, Robert. "Scientific Basis for the Support of Biomedical Science". Science. 192 (4235). 1976: 105–11. Bibcode:1976Sci...192..105C. doi:10.1126/science.769161. JSTOR 1741888. PMID 769161. ?stifad? tarixi: 2025-08-14.
  10. ↑ Ioannidis, JP. "Why most published research findings are false". PLOS Medicine. 2 (8). August 2005: e124. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124. PMC 1182327. PMID 16060722.
  11. ↑ "Highly Cited Researchers". April 2, 2012 tarixind? arxivl??dirilib. ?stifad? tarixi: September 17, 2015.
  12. ↑ Medicine - Stanford Prevention Research Center. Arxiv sur?ti 11 dekabr 2019 tarixind?n Wayback Machine sayt?nda John P.A. Ioannidis
  13. ↑ Robert Lee Hotz. "Most Science Studies Appear to Be Tainted By Sloppy Analysis". Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. September 14, 2007. 2025-08-14 tarixind? arxivl??dirilib. ?stifad? tarixi: 2025-08-14.
  14. ↑ Rennie, Drummond. "Editorial Peer Review in Biomedical Publication". JAMA. 263 (10). 1990: 1317–1441. doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03440100011001. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 2304208.
  15. ↑ "Researching the researchers". Nature Genetics. 46 (5): 417. 2014. doi:10.1038/ng.2972. ISSN 1061-4036. PMID 24769715.
  16. ↑ Harriman, Stephanie L.; Kowalczuk, Maria K.; Simera, Iveta; Wager, Elizabeth. "A new forum for research on research integrity and peer review". Research Integrity and Peer Review. 1 (1). 2016: 5. doi:10.1186/s41073-016-0010-y. ISSN 2058-8615. PMC 5794038. PMID 29451544.
  17. ↑ Fanelli, Daniele; Costas, Rodrigo; Ioannidis, John P. A. "Meta-assessment of bias in science". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (14). 2017: 3714–3719. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.3714F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1618569114. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 5389310. PMID 28320937.
  18. ↑ Check Hayden, Erika. "Weak statistical standards implicated in scientific irreproducibility". Nature (ingilis). 2013. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.14131. 21 April 2021 tarixind? arxivl??dirilib. ?stifad? tarixi: 9 May 2019.
  19. ↑ Markowitz, David M.; Hancock, Jeffrey T. "Linguistic obfuscation in fraudulent science". Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 35 (4). 2016: 435–445. doi:10.1177/0261927X15614605.
  20. ↑ Ding, Y. "Applying weighted PageRank to author citation networks". Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 62 (2). 2010: 236–245. arXiv:1102.1760. doi:10.1002/asi.21452.
  21. ↑ Galipeau, James; Moher, David; Campbell, Craig; Hendry, Paul; Cameron, D. William; Palepu, Anita; Hébert, Paul C. "A systematic review highlights a knowledge gap regarding the effectiveness of health-related training programs in journalology". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (ingilis). 68 (3). March 2015: 257–265. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.09.024. PMID 25510373.
  22. ↑ Wilson, Mitch; Moher, David. "The Changing Landscape of Journalology in Medicine". Seminars in Nuclear Medicine (ingilis). 49 (2). March 2019: 105–114. doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2018.11.009. hdl:10393/38493. PMID 30819390.
  23. ↑ Schooler, J. W. "Metascience could rescue the 'replication crisis'". Nature. 515 (7525). 2014: 9. Bibcode:2014Natur.515....9S. doi:10.1038/515009a. PMID 25373639.
  24. ↑ Smith, Noah. "Why 'Statistical Significance' Is Often Insignificant". Bloomberg.com. 2 November 2017. 23 April 2020 tarixind? arxivl??dirilib. ?stifad? tarixi: 7 November 2017.
  25. ↑ Pashler, Harold; Wagenmakers, Eric Jan. "Editors' Introduction to the Special Section on Replicability in Psychological Science: A Crisis of Confidence?". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 7 (6). 2012: 528–530. doi:10.1177/1745691612465253. PMID 26168108.
  26. ↑ Gary Marcus. "The Crisis in Social Psychology That Isn't". The New Yorker. May 1, 2013. July 7, 2018 tarixind? arxivl??dirilib. ?stifad? tarixi: June 27, 2025.
  27. ↑ Jonah Lehrer. "The Truth Wears Off". The New Yorker. December 13, 2010. December 20, 2019 tarixind? arxivl??dirilib. ?stifad? tarixi: June 27, 2025.
  28. ↑ "Dozens of major cancer studies can't be replicated". Science News. 7 December 2021. 21 March 2023 tarixind? arxivl??dirilib. ?stifad? tarixi: 19 January 2022.
  29. ↑ "Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology". www.cos.io (ingilis). Center for Open Science. 28 March 2023 tarixind? arxivl??dirilib. ?stifad? tarixi: 19 January 2022.
  30. ↑ Martin, G. N.; Clarke, Richard M. "Are Psychology Journals Anti-replication? A Snapshot of Editorial Practices". Frontiers in Psychology (ingilis). 8. 2017: 523. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00523. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 5387793. PMID 28443044.
  31. ↑ Yeung, Andy W. K. "Do Neuroscience Journals Accept Replications? A Survey of Literature". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (ingilis). 11. 2017: 468. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00468. ISSN 1662-5161. PMC 5611708. PMID 28979201.
  32. ↑ MacCoun, Robert; Perlmutter, Saul. "Blind analysis: Hide results to seek the truth". Nature (ingilis). 526 (7572). 8 October 2015: 187–189. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..187M. doi:10.1038/526187a. PMID 26450040.
  33. ↑ Binswanger, Mathias. How Nonsense Became Excellence: Forcing Professors to Publish // Welpe, Isabell M.; Wollersheim, Jutta; Ringelhan, Stefanie; Osterloh, Margit (redaktorlar ). Incentives and Performance. Incentives and Performance: Governance of Research Organizations (ingilis). Springer International Publishing. 2015. 19–32. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09785-5_2. ISBN 978-3319097855.
  34. ↑ Edwards, Marc A.; Roy, Siddhartha. "Academic Research in the 21st Century: Maintaining Scientific Integrity in a Climate of Perverse Incentives and Hypercompetition". Environmental Engineering Science. 34 (1). 2025-08-14: 51–61. doi:10.1089/ees.2016.0223. PMC 5206685. PMID 28115824.
  35. ↑ Smaldino, Paul E.; McElreath, Richard. "The natural selection of bad science". Royal Society Open Science (ingilis). 3 (9). 2016: 160384. arXiv:1605.09511. Bibcode:2016RSOS....360384S. doi:10.1098/rsos.160384. PMC 5043322. PMID 27703703.
  36. ↑ Chapman, Colin A.; Bicca-Marques, Júlio César; Calvignac-Spencer, Sébastien; Fan, Pengfei; Fashing, Peter J.; Gogarten, Jan; Guo, Songtao; Hemingway, Claire A.; Leendertz, Fabian; Li, Baoguo; Matsuda, Ikki; Hou, Rong; Serio-Silva, Juan Carlos; Chr. Stenseth, Nils. "Games academics play and their consequences: how authorship, h -index and journal impact factors are shaping the future of academia". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (ingilis). 286 (1916). 4 December 2019: 20192047. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.2047. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 6939250. PMID 31797732.
  37. ↑ Brookshire, Bethany. "Blame bad incentives for bad science". Science News (ingilis). 21 October 2016. 11 July 2019 tarixind? arxivl??dirilib. ?stifad? tarixi: 11 July 2019.

?d?biyyat

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Xarici ke?idl?r

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Jurnallar

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Konfrans

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